Methods for administering compositions including integrin agonists having anti-tumor activity

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods of enhancing the potency and efficacy of adoptive cell therapy using integrin-ligand stabilizers, wherein the integrin is selected from the group consisting of α4β1, α5β1, α4β7, αvβ3 and αLβ2, and contacting the effector cells ex vivo with agonists or stabilizers having the general Formula (I); methods of treating integrin-expressing cells with such stabilizers to enhance tumor infiltration; and therapeutic methods comprising administering stabilizer or agonist-treated cells to a mammal requiring treatment of solid tumors, hematologic cancers.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/754,931 filed Jun. 30, 2015, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Patent Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/019,793 filed 1 Jul. 2014 (Jul. 1, 2014).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate to composition and methods for adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT).

More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to compositions and methods to improve the potency of T-cell based therapies, where the compositions are suitable for adoptive cell therapy including effector cells, treated effector cells, and at least one association enhancing compound capable of stabilizing integrin receptor-ligand interactions between integrins and their cognate ligands.

2. Description of the Related Art

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) involves the isolation and ex vivo expansion of tumor specific lymphocytes to yield a greater number of tumor reactive effector T-cells than could be achieved by simple vaccination. The tumor specific T cells are infused into patients with cancer to prime the patients' immune system to kill tumor cells. ACT has shown remarkable clinical outcomes, particularly in metastatic melanoma (Dudley, Wunderlich et al. 2005; Dudley, Yang et al. 2008).

There are many forms of ACT being used for cancer that are generally classified as: 1) Cultured tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL); 2) Isolated and expanded one particular type of T cell or clones reactive to tumor cells; and 3) Genetically engineered with tumor specific-T-cell receptors or -chimeric antigen receptors.

Irrespective of the approach, the potency and efficacy of anti-tumor activity ACT is a direct function of intra-tumoral bioavailability (infiltration) of effector cells, such as T cells (CD8+ and CD4+) and natural killer (NK) from the systemic circulation to tumor stroma. The current invention provides compositions, methods to manufacture, and methods of treating to improve the intratumoral bioavailability of ACT to thereby increase potency and efficacy of effector cells.

In spite of the recent advances, many patients often fail ACT perhaps due the failure of the infused cell therapeutic to penetrate into solid tumors (Melero, Rouzautetal 2014). Intratumoral bioavailability of effector cells employed in ACT requires the intravenously infused cell therapeutic to 1) home to the tumor vascular bed, 2) adhere to tumor endothelium, 3) transmigrate across the endothelial barrier, and 3) infiltrate into tumor stroma.

The extent of infiltration of therapeutic cells, such as T cells (CD8+, CD4+), and NK cells, into solid tumors has been associated with improved survival (Galon, Costes et al. 2006; Fridman, Pages et al. 2012). However, activated T-cells, while clearly present in the systemic circulation, often fail to transmigrate across the tumor vascular endothelium (Buckanovich, Facciabene et al. 2008). Tumors vasculature possesses barriers to T-cell adhesion and transmigration to and across the tumor vascular endothelium, decreasing intratumoral bioavailability of the cell therapeutic and consequently decreasing the effectiveness of immunotherapy.

In normal tissues, endothelial cells serve as a functional barrier to aberrant lymphocyte transmigration. In injured tissues, however, transmigration of inflammatory cells from the systemic circulation to the site of injury is triggered when endothelial and other cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which lead to lymphocyte adhesion and transmigration across the endothelium, delivering the effector cells to facilitate numerous cellular process such as would healing and antigen presentation. In the case of ACT, this transmigration is required for antitumor activity mediated by antigen presentation or direct cytotoxicity.

Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that are required for lymphocyte transmigration across endothelial barriers. Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate integrin receptors and upregulate their cognate extracellular ligands on lymphocytes and endothelial cells, respectively. In doing so, cytokines increase receptor affinity and ligand clustering. A variety of cytokines have been shown to increase the binding of LFA-1 (αLβ2) and VLA4 (α4β1) integrin receptors on lymphocytes, respectively, to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the surface of endothelial cells. The activation of these integrin pathways are known to mediate T-cell transmigration across the endothelium in inflamed non-cancerous tissue.

Therefore, the stimulation of these cell adhesion and transmigration pathways is a desirable mean to improve the transmigration of effector T-cell therapeutics across tumor endothelium. However, unlike endothelial cells in normal tissues, paracrine factors secreted by tumor cells, such as VEGF, down regulate VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and other adhesion molecules on the surface on adjacent endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature (Griffioen, Damen et al. 1996; Griffioen, Damen et al. 1996; Bouzin, Brouet et al. 2007; Motz and Coukos 2011; Motz, Santoro et al. 2014).

Therefore, increasing the binding efficiency of integrin agonists such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on tumor endothelial cells to their cognate receptors on T-cells may improve the potency of T-cell therapeutics by facilitating the firm adhesion and transmigration of greater number of therapeutic cells across the tumor endothelial barrier. I have discovered small molecule stabilizers of integrin ligand-receptor interactions are useful for improving the intratumoral bioavailability of T-cell therapies.

United States Published Patent Application No. 20130236434A1 and Vanderslice et al (The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288, (27), p 19414-19428, 2013) disclose small molecule stabilizers of selected integrin-ligand interactions. United States Published Patent Application No. 20130236434A1 disclosed a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand comprises treating integrin-expressing cells in vitro with an agonist of integrin, wherein the integrin is selected from the group consisting of α4β1 (β-1 integrin, very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)) and contacting the treated cells with an integrin-binding ligand; integrin agonist compounds. The focus of the application is to improve the homing and grafting of endothelial progenitor and hematopoietic stem cells for tissue repair and neovascularization using compounds that intended as candidates for active pharmaceutical ingredients for cardiovascular indications. As such, the application did not disclose compositions for adoptive cell therapy, and means to improve potency and efficacy of effector cells by improving intratumoral bioavailablity.

Vanderslice et al disclosed compositions and methods of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand comprising treating integrin-expressing cells in vitro with a compound that stabilizes integrin-ligand interactions, wherein the integrin is selected from the group consisting of α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3 to their respective ligands. In particular, these investigators showed that compound AEC1(methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) was a potent stabilizer of T-cells (Jukat Cells, an immortalized line of human T lymphocyte cell) to VCAM-1 and fibronectin coated surfaces. They further showed the compound also stabilized α4β7/MedCam-1, αLβ2-ICAM-1 interactions and resulted in a greater number of cells adhering to simulated endothelial surfaces. The clear intended application of the compound was to improve the homing and grafting of endothelial progenitor cells for tissue repair and neovascularization.

Although the same α4β1-VCAM-1, α4β7/MedCam-1, αLβ2-ICAM-1 are known to mediate T-cell and tumor endothelium interactions, Vanderslice et al failed to recognize that the use of such compounds for increasing the intratumoral bioavailability of T-cell based therapies. In spite of directly demonstrating marked improvement in the potency of cell adhesion and migration across simulated endothelial surfaces by stabilizing α4β1-VCAM-1, the investigators did not contemplate the use of compounds such as AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) could be used to improve the potency of ACT by facilitate transmigration across tumor endothelium.

While several methods and compositions have been proposed for enhancing adoptive T-cell therapies, there is a continued need in the art for new methodologies to improve the potency and efficacy of ACT, where the compositions include effector cells, treated cells, and at least one association enhancing compound capable of stabilizing integrin receptor-ligand interactions between integrins and their associated ligands.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The embodiments of the current invention include a cell therapeutic comprising an integrin-ligand stabilizer, a cell therapeutic treated ex vivo with integrin-ligand stabilizer, the use of such effectors cells to cancer, the method to treat a patient with integrin-ligand stabilizer, and a effector cell therapeutic to improve antitumor activity of the cell therapeutic. The preferred integrin-ligand stabilizer is a compound that enhances the binding of 41-VCAM-1, α4β7/MedCam-1 or αLβ2-ICAM-1 such as AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate).

Compositions

Effector Cell and Tumor Endothelial Cell Adhesion Via Association Enhancing Compounds

Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions including effector cells and an effective amount of one or a plurality of association enhancing compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of the cells to their respective ligands on tumor endothelial cells. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and/or αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and/or vitronectin.

Ex Vivo Treated Effector Cells

Embodiments of the present invention provide cell therapeutic compositions including ex vivo treated effector cells treated with an effective amount of one or a plurality of association enhancing compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

Effector Cells, Treated Effector Cells, and Association Enhancing Compounds

Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions including effector cells, treated effector cells, and an effective amount of one or a plurality of association enhancing compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands, where the treated effector cells are treated with a treating effective amount of one or a plurality of association enhancing compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

Methods

Effector Cells and Tumor Endothelial Cell Adhesion Enhancing Compounds

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for enhancing adhesion and transmigration of effector cells used in ACT, where the methods include the step of suffusing a composition into a target tissue of a patient, where the composition includes effector cells and an effective amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

Ex Vivo Treated Effector Cells

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods to improve the potency of adoptive cell therapies, where the compositions include effector cells, treated effector cells, and at least one association enhancing compound capable of stabilizing integrin receptor-ligand interactions between integrins and their associated ligands, where the methods include the step of suffusing a composition into a target tissue of a patient, where the composition includes effector cells treated with an effective amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

Effector Cells, Treated Effector Cells, and Association Enhancing Compounds

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for enhancing adhesion and transmigration of effector cells, where the methods includes the steps of suffusing a composition directly into a target tissue, or systemically infusing into of a patient, where the composition includes effector treated with an effective amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands and an additional amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β11, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound are given by the general Formula (I):

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where:

-   -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl,     -   R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl,     -   M¹ is CH₂,     -   M² is CO,     -   M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower         alkyl,     -   M⁴ is absent or CH₂,     -   M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the         group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴,         NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, COOR²⁴,         alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R² and         R²² when present are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is         selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when         M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, and R¹² is CONR²²R²³, then R²³ is not         1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present         is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,         heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and         heterocyclylalkyl,     -   M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6,     -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴,         NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶,         COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl,         guanadino, alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are         independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present         are independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl,     -   R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may         independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or         more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,         aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,         heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido,         haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl,         halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,         arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl),         —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl),         —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino).

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods to increase the potency and or efficacy of effector cells by increasing the intratumoral bioavailability, where the methods include the steps of suffusing a composition directly into a target tissue, or systemically infusing into of a patient, where the composition includes effector treated with an effective amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands and an additional amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. In certain embodiments, integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and αVβ3. In various embodiments, ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and vitronectin.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound are given by the general Formula (I):

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where:

-   -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl,     -   R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl,     -   M¹ is CH₂,     -   M² is CO,     -   M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower         alkyl,     -   M⁴ is absent or CH₂,     -   M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the         group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴,         NR²SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, COOR²⁴,         alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹         and R²² when present are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is         selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when         M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, and R¹² is CONR²²R²³, then R²³ is not         1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R² when present         is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,         heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and         heterocyclylalkyl,     -   M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6,     -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴,         NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶,         OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino,         alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently         hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are         independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,         alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl,         and heterocyclylalkyl,     -   R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may         independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or         more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,         aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl,         heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido,         haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl,         halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,         arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl),         —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHS₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl),         —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,         —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood with reference to the following detailed description together with the appended illustrative drawings in which like elements are numbered the same:

FIG. 1 depicts a cell migration study using AEC1 in fibronectin (FN) or VCAM-1 cells.

FIG. 2 depict bound cell amounts of control cells and AEC1 treated cells with no treatment, pellet formation, 1 wash after pellet and 2 washes after pellet formation.

DEFINITIONS USED IN THE INVENTION

In addition to having their customary and usual meaning, the following definitions apply where the context permits in the specification and claims:

“Pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more chemicals, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with a suitable carrier, for administration to a mammal as a medicine.

“Cell therapeutic” refers to a mixture of one or more cells, or one or more chemicals or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with a suitable carrier for administration to a mammal as medicine.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of the compound being administered that will relieve at least to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. For example, an amount of the compound effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.

With respect to a disease or disorder, the term “treatment” refers to preventing, deterring the occurrence of the disease or disorder, arresting, regressing, or providing relief from symptoms or side effects of the disease or disorder and/or prolonging the survival of the subject being treated.

The term “alkyl” as used herein alone or in combination refers to C₁-C₁₂ straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted saturated chain radicals derived from saturated hydrocarbons by the removal of one hydrogen atom. Representative examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl among others.

The term “alkenyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or substituted or unsubstituted branched-chain alkenyl radical containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-pentenyl, decenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted straight or substituted or unsubstituted branched chain alkynyl radical containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to ethynyl, propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, hexynyl, decynyl and the like.

The term “lower” modifying “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl” or “alkoxy” refers to a C₁-C₆ unit for a particular functionality. For example lower alkyl means C₁-C₆ alkyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein alone or in combination refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic ring system having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 rings, including, but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl among others. Cycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, halo, mercapto, nitro, carboxaldehyde, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl and carboxamide. This term is meant to encompass cycloalkenyl and cycloalkynyl groups. “Cycloalkyl” includes cis or trans forms. Furthermore, the substituents may either be in endo or exo positions in the bridged bicyclic systems.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein alone or in combination refers to a cyclic carbocycle containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms and one or more double bonds. Examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentadienyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl group appended to a lower alkyl radical, including, but not limited to cyclohexyl methyl.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein refers to I, Br, Cl or F.

The term “haloalkyl” as used herein refers to a lower alkyl radical, to which is appended at least one halogen substituent, for example chloromethyl, fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl among others.

The term “alkoxy”, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkenoxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-O—, provided that the radical is not an enol ether, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkenoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, allyloxy, E- and Z-3-methyl-2-propenoxy and the like.

The term “alkynoxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-O—, provided that the radical is not an -ynol ether. Examples of suitable alkynoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, propargyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and the like.

The term “carboxyl” as used herein refers to —CO₂H.

The term “thioalkoxy”, refers to a thioether radical of formula alkyl-S—, wherein “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “carboxaldehyde” as used herein refers to —C(O)R, wherein R is hydrogen.

The term “carboxamide” as used herein refers to —C(O)NR₂, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl or any other suitable substituent.

The term “alkoxyalkoxy” as used herein refers to R_(b)O—R_(c)O—, wherein R_(b) is lower alkyl as defined above and R_(e) is alkylene wherein alkylene is —(CH₂)_(n′)— wherein n′ is an integer from 1 to 6. Representative examples of alkoxyalkoxy groups include methoxymethoxy, ethoxymethoxy, and t-butoxymethoxy among others.

The term “alkylamino” as used herein refers to R_(d) NH—, wherein R_(d) is a lower alkyl group, for example, ethylamino, butylamino, among others.

The term “alkenylamino” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-NH-or (alkenyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an enamine. An example of such alkenylamino radicals is the allylamino radical.

The term “alkynylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-NH-or (alkynyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an amine. An example of such alkynylamino radicals is the propargyl amino radical.

The term “dialkylamino” as used herein refers to R_(e)R_(f)N—, wherein R_(e) and R_(f) are independently selected from lower alkyl, for example diethylamino, and methyl propylamino, among others.

The term “amino” as used herein refers to H₂N—.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl” as used herein refers to an alkoxyl group as previously defined appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of alkoxycarbonyl include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and isopropoxycarbonyl among others.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic” as used herein alone or in combination refers to a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having about 6 to 12 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl and anthracenyl; or a heterocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxyazinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-c]triazinyl and the like. “Arylalkyl” and “alkylaryl” employ the term “alkyl” as defined above. Rings may be multiply substituted. Aromatic rings may be fused with other aromatic or non-aromatic rings to form multicyclic rings, and are also encompassed by the term “aromatic,” as used herein.

The term “aralkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl substituted alkyl radical, wherein the terms “alkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above. Examples of suitable aralkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylmethyl, phenethyl, phenylhexyl, diphenylmethyl, pyridylmethyl, tetrazolyl methyl, furylmethyl, imidazolyl methyl, indolylmethyl, thienylpropyl and the like.

The term “aralkenyl”, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl substituted alkenyl radical, wherein the terms “aryl” and “alkenyl” are as defined above.

The term “arylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-NRg-, wherein “aryl” is as defined above. Rg may be selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl and aralkyl among others. Examples of arylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylamino(anilido), naphthlamino, 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridylamino and the like.

The term “biaryl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-aryl, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “thioaryl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-S—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. An example of a thioaryl radical is the thiophenyl radical.

The term “aroyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-CO—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable aromatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, benzoyl, 4-halobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, naphthoyl, pyridylcarbonyl and the like.

The term “heterocyclyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered ring containing at least one endocyclic N, O, or S atom. The heterocycle may be optionally aryl-fused. The heterocycle may also optionally be substituted with at least one substituent which is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyalkyl, oxo, arylsulfonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl among others.

The term “alkylheterocyclyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group as previously defined appended to the parent molecular moiety through a heterocyclyl group.

The term “heterocyclylalkyl” as used herein refers to a heterocyclyl group as previously defined appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

The term “aminal” as used herein refers to a hemi-acetal of the structure RCH(NH₂)(OH).

The terms “electron-withdrawing” or “electron-donating” refer to the ability of a substituent to withdraw or donate electrons relative to that of hydrogen if hydrogen occupied the same position in the molecule. These terms are well-understood by one skilled in the art and are discussed in ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY by J. March, 1985, pp. 16-18, incorporated herein by reference. Electron withdrawing groups include halo, nitro, carboxyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carboxaldehyde, carboxyamido, aryl, quaternary ammonium, trifluoromethyl, and aryl lower alkanoyl among others. Electron donating groups include such groups as hydroxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, di(lower alkyl)amino, aryloxy, mercapto, lower alkylthio, lower alkylmercapto, and disulfide among others. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the aforesaid substituents may have electron donating or electron withdrawing properties under different chemical conditions. Moreover, the present invention contemplates any combination of substituents selected from the above-identified groups.

The most preferred electron donating or electron withdrawing substituents are halo, nitro, alkanoyl, carboxaldehyde, arylalkanoyl, aryloxy, carboxyl, carboxamide, cyano, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, heterocyclyl, guanidine, quaternary ammonium, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, sulfonium salts, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, amino, lower alkylamino, di(lower alkyl)amino, amine lower alkyl mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthio and alkyldithio.

Use of the above terms is meant to encompass substituted and unsubstituted moieties. Substitution may be by one or more groups such as alcohols, ethers, esters, amides, sulfones, sulfides, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, amines, heteroatoms, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxy, acyloxy, halogens, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, carboxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, oxo, arylsulfonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl or any of the substituents of the preceding paragraphs or any of those substituents either attached directly or by suitable linkers. The linkers are typically short chains of 1-3 atoms containing any combination of —C—, —C(O)—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, —O—, —C(O)O— or —S(O)O—. Rings may be substituted multiple times.

The term “mammals” includes humans and other animals.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein encompasses nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.

The term “alpha” as used herein indicates the position immediately adjacent to the position described.

The term “inactive ingredient” as used herein indicated a harmless drug that is ordinarily used as an inactive ingredient, such as a coloring, emulsifier, excipient, flavoring, lubricant, preservative, or solvent, in the preparation of other drugs shall be exempt from section 502(f)(1) of the act (21 CFR 201.117).

The term “excipient” as used herein means any substance other than the active drug or product which has been appropriately evaluated for safety and is included in a drug delivery system to either aid the processing of the drug delivery system during its manufacture; protect, support, or enhance stability, bioavailability, or patient acceptability; assist in product identification; or enhance any other attribute of the overall safety and effectiveness of the drug delivery system during storage or use (40 CFR 63.1251).

The term “effector cell” as used herein means a cell that has been activated by their cognate tumor-antigen, and involved in eliminating a cancer cell. Effector cell types may include: 1) Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) are lymphocytes isolated from tumors and expanded ex vivo that possess cells surface markers including but not limited CD8 or CD4, 2) T-cell clones reactive to one or plurality of tumor antigens that possess cells surface markers including but not limited CD8 or CD4, 3) T-cells genetically engineered with tumor specific-T-cell receptors or -chimeric antigen receptors that possess cells surface markers including but not limited CD8 or CD4, 4) natural killer cells reactive to a specific or plurality of tumor antigens.

The term “adoptive T-cell” is a effector cell that is derived from a naieve T-cell or activated T-cell capable of effector functions.

The term “solid tumor” as used herein means an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas.

The term “small molecule agonist” as used herein is not a conventional ligand, and is synonymous to a stabilizer of a cognate ligand-receptor interaction.

Abbreviations Used in the Invention

The following abbreviations are used herein: Ac is acetyl, AcOH is acetic acid, 6-Ahx-OH is 6-aminohexanoic acid, Bn is benzyl, Boc is tert-butyloxycarbonyl, nBu is n-butyl, nBuLi is n-butyllithium, 1.6M in hexanes (unless other concentration noted), Cbz is benzyloxycarbonyl, CDI is N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole, COMU is (1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy) dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium hexafluorophosphate, Dab is 2,4-diaminobutyryl, DBU is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, DCE is 1,2-dichloroethane, DCHA is dicyclohexylamine, DCM is dichloromethane (methlyene chloride),dioxane is 1,4-dioxane, DIPEA is N,N-diisopropylethylamine, DMED is N,N′-dimethylethylene diamine, DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, DMSO is dimethylsulfoxide Et is ethyl, EtOH is ethanol, Fmoc is 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyloxycarbonyl, Glu is glutamic acid, Gly is glycine, HBTU is O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, HMDS is hexamethyldisilazane, iPr is isopropyl, KHMDS is potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, Lys is lysine, LHMDS is lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, Me is methyl, MeOH is methanol, Nle is norleucine, NMM is 4-methylmorpholine, NSMC is N-succinimidyl-N-methylcarbamate, OAc is acetate, Orn is Ornithine, pTsOH is para-toluenesulfonic acid, Ph is phenyl, RT is room temperature, tBu is tert-butyl, TEA is triethylamine, Tfa is trifluoroacetyl, THF is tetrahydrofuran, Tol is toluene, Tyr is tyrosine, and Z is benzyloxycarbonyl.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Although the same 4β1-VCAM-1, α4β7/MedCam-1, αLβ2-ICAM-1 are known to mediate T-cell and tumor endothelium interactions, Vanderslice et al failed to recognize that the use of such compounds for increasing the intratumoral bioavailability of T-cell based therapies. In spite of directly demonstrating marked improvement in the potency of cell adhesion and migration across simulated endothelial surfaces by stabilizing α4β1-VCAM-1, the investigators did not contemplate the use of compounds such as AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) could be used to improve the potency and efficacy of ACT by facilitating transmigration across tumor endothelium.

The embodiment of the current invention includes a T-cell therapeutic comprising an integrin-ligand stabilizer, a T-cell therapeutic treated ex vivo with integrin-ligand stabilizer, the use of such T-cells to cancer, the method to treat a patient with integrin-ligand stabilizer, and a T-cell therapeutic to improve antitumor activity of the T-cell therapy. The preferred integrin-ligand stabilizer is a compound that enhances the finding of 4β1-VCAM-1, α4β7/MedCam-1, and/or αLβ2-ICAM-1 such as AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate).

The inventor has found that certain small molecule compounds or mixtures thereof, which enhance integrin-mediated adhesion, may be beneficial as therapeutic agents to enhance adoptive T-cell therapies. Accordingly, a group of chemical compounds have been synthesized which enhance the integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands. Integrins targeted by these compounds include, but are not limited to, α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2 and/or αVβ3. Corresponding ligands include, but are not limited to, VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and/or vitronectin.

Agonist compounds, the ability of representative compounds to enhance binding of integrin-expressing cells, and therapeutic applications of agonist-treated cells are further described as follows.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a composition for adoptive T-cell therapies is provided that comprises small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition for media for the ex vivo adoptive T-cell therapies is provided that comprises small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition for media for the ex vivo adoptive T-cell therapies is provided that comprises small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins in sufficient amounts to enhance the adhesion of adoptive T-cells to tumor endothelial cells.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition comprising adoptive T-cells treated an ex vivo with a small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins in sufficient amounts to enhance the adoptive T-cell therapies.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition comprising adoptive T-cells treated an ex vivo with a small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins wherein the cells are essential free of a small molecule agonist, 1 fM (1 femto molar or 1×10⁻¹⁵ M) and less than 100 nM (100 nano molar or 1×10⁻⁹ M), prior to infusion of the adoptive T-cells to enable adhesion of adoptive T-cell therapies to tumor endothelium.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition for media to carry adoptive T-cells is provided that comprises small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins in an electrolyte solution. Representative media may include without limitation: 1) Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Type 1, USP with nominal pH ranges of 5.5 to 8.0, such media may be sterile, nonpyrogenic isotonic solution; 2) tissue culture media (e.g., RPMI-1640 [RPMI]) without phenol red; 3) minimal media comprising of a saline solution (0.9% NaCl) containing 5% human serum albumin (Baxter or Talecris) and 8% Dextran 40 (Hospira) (LMD/HSA); 4) culture and expansion medium; and 5) any isotonic solution comprising MnCl₂ or MgCl₂. Representative media may contain osmotic stabilizer of cells or cell membranes comprising, without limitation, protein derived from serum or plasma (present in amounts from 0.5 wt. % to 50 wt. %).

In another embodiment of the present inventions, a composition for media for collecting effector cells, comprising of small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins.

In another embodiment of the present inventions, a composition for adoptive T-cells, comprising of small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition for administration comprising of small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, media, and therapeutically effective amount of adoptive T-cells, wherein the adoptive T-cells are derived from the patient T-cells.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for transplantation by administering a composition comprising of small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, media, and therapeutically effective amount of adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds and treated adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds by intravenous, intra-arterial, lymphatic, or peri-lymphatic injection.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for long-term transplantation by administering a composition comprising of small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, media, and therapeutically effective amount of adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds and treated adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds by intravenous, or intra-arterial injection, wherein the HSC is pre-treated with small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, and prior to infusion into an animal the adoptive T-cells are essential free of the small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a composition comprising an infusion bag, small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, media to carry adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds and treated adoptive T-cells in the presence of association enhancing compounds is provided that comprises small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins in an electrolyte solution. Representative media may include without limitation; 1) Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Type 1, USP with nominal pH ranges of 5.5 to 8.0. Such media may be sterile, nonpyrogenic isotonic solution, 2) tissue culture media (eg. RPMI-1640 [RPMI]) without phenol red, 3) minimal media comprising of a saline solution (0.9% NaCl) containing 5% human serum albumin (Baxter or Talecris) and 8% Dextran 40 (Hospira) (LMD/HSA), 4) culture and expansion medium, and 5) any isotonic solution comprising MnCl₂ or MgCl₂. Representative media may contain osmotic stabilizer of cells or cell membranes comprising, without limitation, protein derived from serum or plasma (present in amounts from 0.5 wt. % to 50 wt. %).

In another embodiment of the present invention, a medical device comprising a infusion bag containing a small molecule agonist of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins, wherein the small molecule compound facilitating the interaction of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and/or LFA-1 integrins to an endogenous ligand is an inactive ingredient and/or excipient.

Compounds of this invention have the ability to enhance binding of integrin-expressing cells, and therapeutic applications of agonist-treated cells are further described as follows.

General Compositions and Methods

Embodiments of this invention relate to compositions including adoptive T-cells, and an effective amount one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands, where the effective amount between about 1 fM and about 300 μM and where the composition is used to treat a patient having a cancer treatable using adoptive T-cells. In certain embodiment, the cancer is a sarcoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. In other embodiments, the integrins targeted by these compounds are selected from the groups consisting of α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2, αVβ3, and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ligands are selected from the group consisting of VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, vitronectin, and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds are given by the general formula (I):

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, M is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower alkyl, M⁴ is absent or CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, COOR²⁴, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹ and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, then R²³ is not 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, and mixtures or combinations thereof, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino, alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹CR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹², when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M² is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), wherein q is not 0. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds are inactive ingredients or excipients. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 100 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 50 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 25 nM.

Embodiments of this invention relates to compositions including treated adoptive T-cells comprising adoptive T-cells treated with one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands, where the composition is used to treat a patient having a cancer. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a sarcoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. In other embodiments, the integrins targeted by these compounds are selected from the groups consisting of α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2, αVβ3, and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ligands are selected from the groups consisting of VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, vitronectin, and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds are given by the general formula (I):

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower alkyl, 4 is absent or CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, COOR²⁴, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R² and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, then R²³ is not 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, and mixtures or combinations thereof, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino, alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹, when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M² is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), wherein q is not 0. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds are inactive ingredients or excipients. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 100 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 50 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 25 nM.

Embodiments of this invention relates to methods for enhancing the infiltration of adoptive T-cells into tumor stroma by methods including suffusing a composition into a target tissue of a patient, where the composition comprises adoptive T-cell and an effective amount of one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands, where the chemical compounds are present at an effective amount between about 1 fM and about 300 μM, and/or treated adoptive T-cell comprising adoptive T-cell treated with one or a plurality of chemical compounds capable of enhancing integrin-mediated binding of cells to their respective ligands, where the target tissue is a solid tumor stroma and where the patient has a cancer that is a sarcoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. In certain embodiments, further include washing the treated adoptive T-cell until a concentration of the chemicals compounds is between about 1 fM and about 300 μM. In other embodiments, the integrins targeted by these compounds are selected from the groups consisting of α4β1, α4β7, α5β1, αLβ2, αVβ3, mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the ligands are selected from the groups consisting of VCAM-1, fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, vitronectin, and mixtures or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the chemical compound are given by the general formula (I):

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower alkyl, M⁴ is absent or CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)SR²⁴, COOR²⁴, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R² and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, then R²³ is not 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, and mixtures or combinations thereof, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino, alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the chemical compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the chemical compounds have R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹, when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M² is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), wherein q is not 0. In other embodiments, the chemical compounds are inactive ingredients or excipients. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 100 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 50 nM. In other embodiments, the effective amount in carrier is greater than 1 fM and less than 25 nM.

Agonist Pre-Treated Effector Cells

One or more integrin-expressing cells are first treated (pre-treated) with an agonist compound having the general Formula (I), as described herein, to form agonist-bound integrin molecules on the cell's surface. The integrin-expressing cells may be activated CD4+ or CD8 T-cells or natural killer cells, for example. In some cases, the cells express one or more of the integrins α4β1, α5β1, α4β7, αvβ3 and αLβ2. The treatment of the cells generally includes contacting the integrin-expressing cells in vitro with the agonist. In most applications the agonist compound in present in the treatment media at a concentration in the range of about 100 nM to about 30 μM. In some cases the agonist concentration is in the range of about 1 μM to about 10 μM. After exposure to the agonist, the resulting agonist-treated cells have an enhanced ability to bind to a cognate ligand. The integrin is expressed on the surface of the cells, and may be either naturally occurring or transgenically expressed by a cell that has been transformed to express an exogenous integrin gene. The protein or other cognate ligand to which the integrin binds is expressed either on a cell surface or is part of the extracellular matrix.

Enhanced Binding of Pre-Treated Effector Cells to Integrin-Binding Ligands

The agonist, as described herein, dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, is added to cell culture media or cell suspension and mixed. The resulting agonist-treated cells are introduced to an integrin-binding ligand or binding site, whereupon the treated cells bind, attach or adhere to the cognate ligands in solution, or on a surface or target tissue. In some cases an integrin binding protein is vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM 1), fibronectin, mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) or vitronectin. As a result of the agonist treatment, the binding of the agonist-treated cells to the ligand is enhanced or increased compared to binding of integrin-expressing cells not treated with the agonist. In some cases, at least 3 fold more agonist-treated cells are bound to a ligand-coated surface than untreated integrin-expressing cells. In some cases, up to 3 fold more agonist-treated cells than untreated cells are bound to an integrin binding protein.

Enhanced Retention of Pre-Treated Cells to Tissues Expressing Integrin-Binding Ligands

Regardless of the cell type, mechanism of action, or how they are delivered, for many applications it is critical that the effector cells transmigrate into, and are retained in tumor stroma. Low levels of cell retention observed in animal models and clinical trials are considered one of the major impediments to the progress of ACT-based therapies. Even when large number of effector cells are injected systemically and reside in the systemic circulation, very few, of injected cells are detected in the tumor stroma using conventional cell-based therapies. By comparison, many embodiments of the presently disclosed methods increase the rate and extent of effector cell transmigration across the tumor endothelium of exogenously delivered effector with consequent increased the cell therapeutic potency and efficacy of antitumor activity.

A method of enhancing retention of exogenously-introduced cells at an in vivo target site in a mammal generally includes (a) treating integrin-expressing cells in vitro with an agonist of integrin, wherein the agonist is a compound having the general formula I, as described herein; (b) introducing the agonist-treated cells to an in vivo target site in the mammal; and (c) causing a greater number of said introduced agonist-treated cells to remain at said target site relative to the number of cells retained if integrin-expressing cells not treated with said agonist were introduced to said target site. The target site includes an integrin binding protein such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM 1), fibronectin, mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inter-cellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) or vitronectin, for example.

A method of enhancing retention of exogenously-introduced cells by intratumoral injection intocancerous lesions including without limitations solid tumors of skin, breast, lung, liver, colon, prostate, pancreas and brain, or blood borne cancers such leukemias, lymphoma, or myeloma.

Media Compositions

The compounds used in the ex vivo media production described herein may be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well-known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1 et seq. The salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting a free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isothionate), lactate, maleate, methane sulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalene sulfonate, oxalate, palmitoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate and undecanoate. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; arylalkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained. Examples of acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.

In some embodiments, basic addition salts are prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a disclosed compound by reacting a carboxylic acid-containing moiety with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, cations based on alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts and the like and nontoxic quaternary ammonia and amine cations including ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, diethylammonium, and ethylammonium among others. Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine and the like.

Actual concentration of ingredients in the media compositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the compound(s) which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response mediated by the cell therapeutic treated with media for a particular patient, compositions and mode of administration. The selected concentration level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

When used for the production of cells for various therapeutic treatments, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the disclosed compounds be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or pro-drug form. In some cases, the compound is administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of interest in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients or excipients. The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” of a disclosed compound means a sufficient amount of the compound to generate a cell therapeutic to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The specific therapeutically effective concentration of the compound and cell dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start cell doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

The concentration of the disclosed compounds in the ex vivo treatment media alone or in combination with therapeutic cells in a suitable media to infuse a human or lower animal may be between 1 fM (1 femto molar or 1×10⁻¹⁵ M) and less than 10 μM. If desired, the effective concentration can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose of cell or compound.

The total daily concentrations of the disclosed compounds administered in combination with therapeutic cells in a suitable media to a human or lower animal may between 1 fM (1 femto molar or 1×10⁻¹⁵ M) and less than 10 μM. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose of cell or exposure of the compound.

Compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable, sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like), vegetable oils (such as olive oil), injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate, and suitable mixtures thereof. These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.

In some cases, for compounds with minimal solubility, solubility enhancers without limitation include surfactants such as zwitterionic phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, mono-, di- or triglycerides alone or in combinations secondary surfactants may be used.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.

In some embodiments, a chemical compound is provided having the general formula (I)

R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I)

where:

-   -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl,     -   R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl,     -   M¹ is CH₂,     -   M² is CO,     -   M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, where R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower         alkyl,     -   M⁴ is absent or CH₂,     -   M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), where R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the         group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴,         NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, COOR²⁴,         alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, where s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹         and R²² when present are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is         selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when         M³ is NR⁶, M⁴ is absent, and R¹² is CONR²²R²³, then R²³ is not         1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present         is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,         heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and         heterocyclylalkyl,     -   M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6,     -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴,         NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶,         COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl,         guanadino, alkyl and aryl, where R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are         independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present         are independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl,

R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino).

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-9-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; ethyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienyl-1-methyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,-9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-{[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-10-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(3-methoxypropyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(isopropylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(methylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2R)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-({[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}methyl)-3,11-dioxo-1-phenyl-2-oxa-4,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-acetamidohexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[(2S)-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexanoyl]amino}propanoate; methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[(2R)-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexanoyl]amino}propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[(2R)-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexanoyl]amino}propanoate; methyl(6R,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6R,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(2S)-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)-carbamoyl]amino}hexanoate; methyl(2R)-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexanoate; 3-[(2S)-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]-1,1-bis(2-thienylmethyl)urea; 3-[(2R)-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]-1,1-bis(2-thienylmethyl)urea; methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy) carbonyl]amino}-2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl) carbamoyl]amino}hexanoate; methyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](methyl)amino}acetate; methyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}acetate; methyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; 3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,1-bis(2-thienylmethyl)urea; methyl(2R)-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}(phenyl)acetate; tert-butyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl) carbamoyl]amino}acetate; tert-butyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; benzyl{(5S)-6-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexylbis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyldibenzylcarbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-benzyl-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-phenyl-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-chlorobenzyl) carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl(4-bromobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-2-(4-azidoobenzyl)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylphenyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,100S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(3-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(3-thienyl-)-2-(3-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[butyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylbutyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(3S,7S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7-butyl-5,10-dioxo-[1-(2-thienylmethyl)-9-oxa-4,6,11-triazapentadecan-1-oate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienyl-methyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)-carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-butyl-6,11-dioxo-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-2,7-dioxa-5,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}carbamoyl)amino]hexyl(2-methoxyethyl) (2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-bromobenzyl) carbamoyl]amino}hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-azidobenzyl) carbamoyl]amino}hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl) carbamoyl]thio}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; and methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-thia-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methy(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments, a chemical compound is provided having the general formula (I), where R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, M is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer of 0 to 6, R¹¹ is hydrogen, and R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, SCOR²⁴, SR²⁴, N₃, CN, and O(CH₂CH₂O), R²⁴, wherein s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹ and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, or aralkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl, provided that when M³ and M⁴ are absent, R¹² is not of the formula:

where A is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, and —NR²⁶—, E is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —O—, —S—, and —NR²⁷—, J is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, and —NR²⁸—, T is selected from the group consisting of CO and (CH₂)_(b) wherein b is an integer of zero to three, L is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)_(n)—, —O—, —S—, and —NR²⁹— wherein n is an integer of zero to three, M is selected from the group consisting of CR³⁰R³¹ and (CH₂)_(u)u wherein u is an integer of zero or one, X is selected from the group consisting of CO₂B, PO₃H₂, SO₃H, OPO₃H₂, CONHCOR³², CONHSO₂R³³, oxazolyl, tetrazolyl and hydrogen, B, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³² and R³³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, thioalkoxy, aliphatic acyl, —CF₃, nitro, amino, cyano, N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)CO(C₁-C₃ alkyl), C₁-C₃ alkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, di(C₁-C₃ alkyl)amino, CO₂(C₁-C₃ alkylamino), CONH(C₁-C₃ alkylamino), CH═NOH, PO₃H₂, OPO₃H₂, CON(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxy, carboxaldehyde, carboxamide, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, arylamino, biaryl, thioaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloyl, alkylaryl, aralkenyl, aralkyl, alkylheterocyclyc, heterocyclycalkyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, carbamate, aryloxyalkyl, carboxyl and CONH(benzyl), wherein B, X, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹ and R³² are unsubstituted or substituted with at least one electron donating or electron withdrawing group, R³ is selected from the group of hydrogen, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, alkyl, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino and aryl, wherein R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or aralkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl provided that when R³ is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, R¹² is not hydrogen, and provided that when R¹ is phenyl, R³ is benzyloxycarbonylamino, and R¹² is hydrogen, R² is not 2-methoxybenzyl, and R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹, R²², R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, haloalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino).

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from the group consisting of (2R)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienyl methyl)hexanamide; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({3-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-3-oxopropyl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butylcarbamoyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (methyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2R)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; (2S)-2-acetamido-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5S)-5-acetamido-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; (2R)-2-acetamido-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5S)-5-(benzoylamino)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; (2S)-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 2-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; (2S)-2-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-({[3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]sulfonyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxo-5-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(3-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienyl-methyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(3-methoxybenzyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(3-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienyl-methyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-6-[bis(3-methoxybenzyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl](-2-thienylmethyl)amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5R)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl](-2-thienylmethyl)amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-(dibenzylamino)-6-oxohexyl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(4-nitrobenzyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2R)-1-[(4-aminobenzyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-{[(benzyloxy)-carbonyl]amino}-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-[(4-aminobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-{[(benzyloxy)-carbonyl]amino}-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino]-6-[methyl(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[butyl(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carba mate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-[(pyridin-4-ylmethyl) (-2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)(-2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-6-acetamido-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl {(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-1-oxo-6-[(2-thienylacetyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-hydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-6-[(benzylsulfonyl)amino]-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-6-[benzyl(trifluoroacetyl)amino]-1-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(1R)-2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]carbamate; methyl(4S)-5-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoate; benzyl{(3S)-4-[bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)amino]-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-4-oxobutyl}carbamate; benzyl{(4S)-5-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-oxopentyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-2-oxoethyl}methylcarbamate; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-6-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexanamide; N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-benzyl-N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; 6-[benzyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 6-[methyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; 6-[(benzylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 6-[(2-thienylacetyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}-N-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; 6-[(3-methoxybenzyl) (2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 6-[(benzylsulfonyl) (3-methoxybenzyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{6-[bis (thiophen-2-ylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino]-6-oxohexanoate; (2S)-2-[acetyl(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5S)-5-[acetyl(methyl)amino]-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; (2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl acetate; tert-butyl{(2S)-6-[benzyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-{bis[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]amino}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{(2-thienylmethyl)[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{(2-thienylmethyl) [2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino]-6-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl]-(2-thienylmethyl)amino}-6-oxohexyl]carbamate; tert-butyl{6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; N-{6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}-4-methoxybenzamide; N-{6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}-4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzamide; N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}-N-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide; 6-[(3-methoxybenzyl) (2-thienylacetyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; tert-butyl {4-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-4-oxobutyl}carbamate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({4-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-4-oxobutyl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; 6-{[(3-chloropropyl)sulfonyl]amino}-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)hexanamide; 6-(1,1-dioxido-1,2-thiazolidin-2-yl)-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)hexanamide; N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-({[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]sulfonyl}amino)hexanamide; 3-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; tert-butyl{3-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}butylcarbamate; 3-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 4-(1,1-dioxido-1,2-thiazolidin-2-yl)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)butanamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-3-{[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}propanamide; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-hydroxy-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl {(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-cyano-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl {(5R)-5-azido-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; S-{(2R)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}ethanethioate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-({[(4-bromobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl}amino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamate; 4-azidobenzyl {(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[(4-bromobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-[(4-azidobenzyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-{[(benzyloxy)-carbonyl]amino}-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[(4-bromobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl-}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(3-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; and benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(cyclopropylmethyl)(2-thien-ylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments, a chemical compound is provided having the general formula (I), where R¹ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R² is selected from the group consisting of aralkyl and alkyl, provided that when R¹ is alkyl, R² is aralkyl, M¹ is CO or SO₂, provided that when M is SO₂ and R¹ is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, R² is not alkyl, 2-phenethyl, benzyl, or 2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl, and when M¹ is CO and R¹ is 2-furyl, 4-pyridyl, or 3,5-dinitrophenyl, R² is not alkyl, benzyl or 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)ethyl, M² is absent or CH₂, M³ and M⁴ are absent, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, CONR²²R²³, COOR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂), R²⁴hydroxyalkyl and alkoxyalkyl, wherein s is an integer of 1 to 6, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q) where q is an integer of 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, and R¹³, R²¹ and R²², when present, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl, and R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino) and —OCO(dialkylamino).

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from the group consisting of methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[benzyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl (2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[benzyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-hexanoate; methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl (2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[(2-thienylacetyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl (2S)-2-[benzyl(isobutylsulfonyl)amino]-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}hexanoate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylmethyl)(2-thienyl-sulfonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylacetyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl) amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(phenylsulfonyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; N,N′-heptane-1,7-diylbis[N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide]; N,N′-heptane-1,7-diylbis [N-(2-thienylmethyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide]; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-(2-thienylmethyl)amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(4-methoxybenzoyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; N,N′-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide]; N,N′-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide]; tert-butyl{5-[(4-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]pentyl}carbamate; N,N′-pentane-1,5-diylbis[N-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide]; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-{5-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]pentyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; tert-butyl{5-[(2-thienylcarbonyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]pentyl}carbamate; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-{5-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]pentyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; and N,N′-pentane-1,5-diylbis[N-(3-methoxybenzyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide].

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments, a chemical compound is selected having the general formula (I) where R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), wherein q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino).

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from the group consisting of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N′-[2-(2-thienyl) ethyl]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N′,N′-tris (2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl) pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (3-methoxybenzyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)heptanediamide; 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (4-methoxybenzyl)heptanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)octanediamide; (3E)-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)hex-3-enediamide; 2,2′-oxybis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) acetamide]; 3-oxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4,7,10-trioxa-2-azadodecan-12-yl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)succinamideethane-1,2-diyl bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)octanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl) pyridine-2,4-dicarboxamide; 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; 8-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethoxy}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)quinoline-2-carboxamide; N,N′-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; and tert-butyl{(2S)-1,6-bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl}carbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments a chemical compound is provided having the general formula (I), where R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹, when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), wherein q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, where R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, may be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M₂ is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q) wherein q is not 0.

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from the group consisting of N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; 2-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; N-{3-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]propyl}-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; 2-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-2-(2-thienyl)acetamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-2-{[(2-thienylmethyl) carbamoyl]amino}ethanesulfonamide; 2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thien ylmethyl)acetamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 2-(acetyl{2-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; and 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienyl-methyl)acetamide.

In some embodiments, a compound is selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(cyclopropylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyldiisobutylcarbamate; methyl(8S,12S)-12-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-8-butyl-4-isobutyl-2-methyl-5,10-dioxo-6-oxa-4,9,11-triazatetradecan-14-oate; and benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In accordance with certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an above-described compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In accordance with certain embodiments, a method of treating integrin-expressing cells is provided. The integrin may be one or more of α4β1, α5β1, α4β7, αvβ3 and αLβ2, for example. In some embodiments, the method of treating integrin-expressing cells comprises contacting at least one integrin-expressing cell in vitro with an agonist of said integrin, wherein said agonist is a compound having the general formula (I), where R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocylcyl and heterocyclylalkyl, one of M¹ and M² is CO or SO₂ and the other is (CR⁴R⁵)_(l), provided that when M² is CO, M³ is O, S, NR⁶ or (CR⁷R)_(m), and provided that when M² is SO₂ or (CR⁴R⁵)_(l), M³ is (CR⁷R⁸)_(m), M⁴ is absent or (CR⁹R¹⁰)_(n), M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²)_(p), M⁶ is absent or is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), and NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), and R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, OR⁶, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, SR, heterocyclyl, hydroxyalkyl and guanadino, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, OH, N₃, CN, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, CONR²²R²³, COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, SCOR²⁴, SR²⁴, azido, CN, and O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁵, and R²¹, each of which when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and aralkyl, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²², R²³ and R²⁴, each of which when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, l, m, n and p are independently integers from 0 to 1, q, r and s are independently integers from 0 to 6, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²¹, R²², R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, each of which when present, is independently either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, azido, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino).

In accordance with certain embodiments, a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is provided, wherein the method comprises treating integrin-expressing cells in vitro with an agonist of integrin described above, wherein said integrin is selected from the group consisting of α4β1, α5β1, α4β7, αvβ3 and αLβ2; and contacting the treated cells with an integrin-binding ligand.

In some embodiments, the agonist of integrin utilized in an above described method is a compound selected from the group consisting of methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({(2R)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({(2R)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl) amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({(2R)-1-[bis(thiophen-2-yl-methyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamoyl) amino]propanoate; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(methyl) carbamoyl]amino}propanoate; methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(methyl)carbamoyl]amino}propanoate; methyl(3R)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamoyl) amino]propanoate; methyl(2R)-[({(2S)-1-[bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino](phenyl)ethanoate; methyl-3-[({(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; (2S)-2-[(isopropylcarbamoyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-[(methylcarbamoyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2R)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl[(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxo-5-{[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl) carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; (2S)-2-({[(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl) methyl]carbamoyl}amino)-N,N-bis(-2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-({[3-(morpholin-4-yl)benzyl]carbamoyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; (2S)-2-{[(4-hydroxybenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; (2S)-2-({[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]carbamoyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl[(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-({[3-(morpholin-4-yl)benzyl]carbamoyl}amino)-6-oxohexyl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}carbamoyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; benzyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-(butyrylamino)-6-oxohexyl]carbamate; and benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxo-5-[(3-phenoxypropanoyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In other embodiments, an integrin agonist used in a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is selected from the group consisting of compounds having the general formula (I) where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl and hydroxyalkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂; M³, M⁴, M⁵, and M⁶ independently are absent or are CH₂; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; R¹, R² and R³ are independently either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), or —OCO(dialkylamino).

In accordance with some further embodiments, an integrin agonist used in a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is selected from the group consisting of N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 1-phenyl-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)methanesulfonamide; 2-methyl-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) propane-1-sulfonamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-(2-thienylmethyl)propane-2-sulfonamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-N-(2-thienylmethyl)propane-1-sulfonamide; N-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-methoxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-dibenzylbenzenesulfonamide; N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-butyl-N-(2-thienylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide; N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-(2-methoxyethyl)-(2-thienylmethyl) thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; 2-chloro-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide; 3-chloro-N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; 4-chloro-N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; 3-methoxy-N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; 4-methoxy-N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl) benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-(2-furylmethyl)-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(2-furylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; methyl-3-[bis(3-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]thiophene-2-carboxylate; 2-(hydroxymethyl)-N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl) thiophene-3-sulfonamide; N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylbenzenesulfonamide; N-phenyl-(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-phenyl-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-phenylthiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-phenylbenzenesulfonamide; 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) propane-1-sulfonamide; 4-methyl-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; 2-methyl-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide; and 3-methyl-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In other embodiments a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is provided, wherein said agonist of integrin is a compound selected from the group consisting of methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl-bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,100S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-10-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl) carbamate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; benzyl{(5S)-6-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonylamino]hexyl}carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-({[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}methyl)-3,11-dioxo-1-phenyl-2-oxa-4,10,12-triazapenta decan-15-oate; tert-butyl[(2R)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl) carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; tert-butyl{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; benzyl{(5S)-6-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3, 8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexyl-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyldibenzylcarbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-benzyl-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-phenyl-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate-methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-tri azadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-chlorobenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8-di oxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-2-(4-azidoobenzyl)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl phenyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(3-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(3-thienyl)-2-(3-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[butyl (2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl butyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(3S,7S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7-butyl-5,10-dioxo-11-(2-thienylmethyl)-9-oxa-4,6,11-triazapentadecan-1-oate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienyl-methyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-bromobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-azidobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]thio}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; and methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-thia-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments, a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is provided, wherein an agonist of integrin is a compound selected from the group consisting of benzyl{(5R)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(3-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-6-[bis(3-methoxybenzyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)(-2-thienylmethyl) amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-[(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; (2S)-2-[methyl(phenylsulfonyl) amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; (2S)-2-({[3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]sulfonyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; benzyl{(5R)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxo-5-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl{(2S)-1-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1-oxo-6-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexan-2-yl}carbamate; 6-[methyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 6-[(2-thienylacetyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; benzyl{(4S)-5-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino]-5-oxopentyl}carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{(2-thienylmethyl)[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxo-6-{(2-thienylmethyl)[2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl]-(2-thienylmethyl)amino}-6-oxohexyl]carbamate; tert-butyl{6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; N-{6-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}-4-methoxy-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzamide; N-{6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) amino]-6-oxohexyl}-N-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide; 6-[(3-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienylacetyl) amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; methyl(3S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-[({4-[bis(2-thienylmethyl-)amino]-4-oxobutyl}carbamoyl)amino]propanoate; 6-{[(3-chloropropyl)sulfonyl]amino}-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)hexanamide; 3-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-cyano-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5R)-5-azido-6-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate; and benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(3-thienylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl}carbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In other embodiments, a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is provided, wherein an agonist of integrin is a compound selected from the group consisting of N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl) pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3-methoxybenzyl) hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)hexanediamide; (3E)-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)hex-3-enediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)pentanediamide; 2,2′-oxybis[N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)octanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)heptanediamide; 3-oxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4,7,10-trioxa-2-azadodecan-12-yl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (4-methoxybenzyl)heptanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl) succinamideethane-1,2-diyl-bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (4-methoxybenzyl)octanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,4-dicarboxamide; 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; and N,N′-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis (2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In another embodiment, a method of enhanced binding of integrin-expressing cells to an integrin-binding ligand utilizes an integrin agonist compound selected from the group consisting of methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[benzyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[benzyl(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[(2-thienylacetyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexanoate; methyl(2S)-6-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexanoate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylmethyl) (2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(phenylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylacetyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)(2-thienylmethyl) amino]hexyl}carbamate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-(2-thienylmethyl)amino}hexyl]carbamate; benzyl{(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-[(4-methoxybenzoyl) (2-thienylmethyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; N,N′-heptane-1,7-diylbis[N-(2-thienylmethyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide]; N,N′-heptane-1,7-diylbis [N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide; N,N′-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(2-thienylmethyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide]; N,N′-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide]; tert-butyl{5-[(4-methoxybenzyl)(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]pentyl}carbamate; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-{5-[(2-thienylsulfonyl)amino]pentyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; tert-butyl{(2S)-1,6-bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; tert-butyl{5-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]pentyl}carbamate; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-{5-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]pentyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; and N,N′-pentane-1,5-diylbis[N-(3-methoxybenzyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide].

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In a further embodiment, a method of enhanced binding of integrin-expressing cells to an integrin-binding ligand utilizes an integrin agonist compound selected from the group consisting of N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; 2-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}-2-(2-thienyl)acetamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-2-{[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}ethanesulfonamide; 2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl) amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)propanamide; 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) acetamide; and 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis (2-thienylmethyl)acetamide.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

In some embodiments, a method of enhancing binding of cells to an integrin-binding ligand is provided, wherein said agonist of integrin is a compound selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(cyclopropylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyldiisobutylcarbamate; methyl(8S,12S)-12-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-butyl-4-isobutyl-2-methyl-5,10-dioxo-6-oxa-4,9,11-triazatetradecan-14-oate; and benzyl{(5S)-6-[bis(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-]-6-oxohexyl}arbamate.

In certain embodiments, the chemical compound is methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate.

EXPERIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Example 1

The demonstration of enhanced effector cells and endothelial cells adhesion mediated by VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and MAdCam-1 to their respective integrin receptors compounds such as AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) is included by reference to using Jurkat cells line in FIGS. 3, 5, 8 Vanderslice et al.

The fundamental role of effector T-cell function has been based on signaling insights using this leukemic T-cell line as the host (Abraham and Weiss, 2004). Although Vanderslice et al published prior to current priority date, it was clearly unrecognized that the findings have reduced to practice a novel means to create improved compositions and methods for ACT by the authors themselves or by the investigators citing their work (Isreali-Roseberg et al, 2014, Galetti, et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2014, and Sishido et al. 2014).

Vanderslice et al used a migration assay to simulate the movement of Jurkat cells across a simulated endothelial surface with a stomal chemotactic factor to model the transmigration of endothelial or hematopoietic stems into the injured cardiac tissue. The unrecognized feature of this system is that it directly simulates the transmigration of effector T-cells from the systemic circulation into the tumor stoma with greater fidelity.

In this system, the extent of Jurkat cells migration across VCM-1 coated surfaces under the stimulus of a stromal chemotactic agent was measured. Migration assays were performed in 3 μM pore size Transwells (24 well, Costar, Cambridge, Mass.). The upper chambers were pre-coated with 3 mg/mL fibronectin (FN) or 10 mg/mL VCAM-1 in 50 mL TBS overnight at 4° C. and were then blocked with 2% BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. The ligand concentrations are ≤5%. After washing with migration medium (RPMI-1640 supplemented with 1% FBS, 100 Units/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin), upper chambers were loaded with Jurkat cells (2×10⁵ cells) in 160 mL of migration medium. Lower chambers contained 600 mL of migration medium supplemented with 10 mg/mL Stromal cell Derived Factor 1 (SDF-1a) to induce chemotaxis. Jurkat cells were mixed with vehicle (1% DMSO) or AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) at the indicated concentrations immediately prior to being added to the upper chamber. After a 4-hour incubation at 37° C., 5% CO₂ the upper chambers were removed, and cells in the lower chamber were collected and counted on a hemocytometer. Results are expressed as the total number of cells migrated ±S.D. *, p<0.05 versus SDF-1 alone.

As I re-define the context of this migration model to a solid tumor, there are three important experimental components in their system that simulates critical elements of a solid tumor vascular bed that are important for the adhesion and transmigration of an effector cells across the endothelium and into the tumor stroma:

-   -   1. Jurkat cells are representative of an activated T-cell         potentially used adoptive cell therapy. Many of the fundamental         insights into T-cell receptor signaling and effector functions         are based on transformed T-cell lines as the host. The best         known model system is this Jurkat T-cell line (Abraham and         Weiss, 2004). Jurkat cells constitutively express the VLA-4 in         higher affinity state, like activated T-cells, that naïve         T-cells.     -   2. The ligand, VCAM-1, concentration used in the model of a         simulated endothelial surface is insufficient to facilitate         maximal migration into the simulated stroma. VLA-4, as well as         ICAM-1 and MAdCam-1 is known to be down regulated in endothelial         cells of solid tumors, which may decrease the extent of effector         cell adhesion, transmigration and results in decreased         intratumoral bioavailability of effector cells into tumor         stroma.     -   2. SDF-1 is a known chemotactic agent secreted by fibroblasts         found in the stroma of solid tumors such as breast carcinoma         associated fibroblasts (Orimo et al, 2005).

In this context as shown in FIG. 1, a two-fold increase in migration induced by AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) directly shows the compound could be used improve the firm adhesion and transmigration of effector T-cells mediated by VLA-4 and VCAM-1. As Venderslice et al also showed that AEC1 (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) increases cell adhesion mediated ICAM-1 and MAdCam-1 to their cognate integrins, compounds such as AEC1(methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) may be particular preferred stabilizer of effector cell and endothelial interactions for solid tumors where such adhesion pathways are down regulated.

In doing so, the potency and efficacy of ACT using effector T-cells could be improved by pre-treating the cells with compounds such as AEC1(methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) that improve tumor endothelial cell adhesion and transmigration. As the massive ex vivo expansion of cells is required, which may take 4-6 weeks, improving the potency of current ACT approaches could facilitate the infusion of fewer effector cells without comprising anti-tumor activity. With less ex vivo cell doublings in the manufacture of effector cells used in ACT, the in situ life span could also be increased by decreasing the risk and extent of cellular senescence, and enable the desired use of intermediate effector cells rather than late effector cells (U.S. Pat. No. 8,383,099B2 and Gattinoni et al. 2006). With greater number of therapeutic effector cells crossing the tumor endothelial barrier, the over efficacy or anti-tumor activity of ACT may be improved.

In further reviewing Vanderslice et al data, the applicant discovered that as the compound (methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate) stabilizes the VCAM-1 and VLA-4 interaction and upon endogenous ligand binding the compound is displaced, the compound could be removed from an ex vivo cell treatment media and cells that are essentially free of the compound could be suffused into a patient. The advantage of treating and then removing the agonist prior to the introduction of treated effector cells is that the systemic exposure of the agonist is minimized. As such, any associated toxicity is minimized. By using the compounds to stabilize a pre-existing molecular interaction between an endogenous ligand and receptor, as is the case for divalent cations, the compounds used in the production of the cell therapeutic are considered as an inactive ingredient and/or excipient.

Example 2 Parallel Plate Flow Detachment Assays

Detachment assays were performed as described previously. Recombinant human VCAM-1 (10 μg/mL or 5 μg/mL in 0.1 M NaHCO₃ (pH 9.5)) was immobilized overnight at 4° C. onto 24×50-mm slides cut from 15×100-mm polystyrene Petri dishes. The slides were washed with phosphate buffer solution (PBS), blocked with 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2 h at room temperature, and assembled into a parallel plate flow chamber. For detachment assays, vehicle, 10 μM methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate were mixed with TF-1 cells, a hematopoietic stem cell line, in low affinity running the cell carrier, and then 2.0×10⁶ cells were injected into the flow chamber and allowed to settle on the slides for 10 min. An increasing linear gradient of shear flow was pulled over the adherent cells for 300 s with the use of a computer-controlled syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). Shear stress calculations were determined every 50 s. The shear stress in dynes/cm2 is defined as (6 μQ)/(wh²), where μ is the viscosity of the medium (0.007); Q is the flow rate in cm³/s; w is the width of the chamber (0.3175 cm), and h is the height of the chamber (0.01524 cm). The number of cells attached was recorded by digital microscopy. Vanderslice et al have showed that a VLA-4 agonist dramatically improved the adhesion to a VCAM-1 coated surface. In reviewing these data, the applicant discovered that the compound (AEC1) stabilizes the VCAM-1 and VLA-4 interaction and upon endogenous ligand binding, the compound is displaced. The compound could be removed from an ex vivo cell treatment media and cells that are essentially free of the compound could be suffused into a patient. For additional details the reader is directed to Vanderslice et al The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288, (27), p 19414-19428, 2013.

Effective Concentrations

The effective concentration of a representative agonist compound, AEC1, in a cell carrier was evaluated by a static adhesion of integrin expressing cells to an immobilized integrin ligand in vitro, as described below. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the effective amount of the agonist compound present in the cell carrier is at least 1 femtomolar (fM) to 10 μM. After exposure to the agonist, the resulting agonist treated cells have an enhanced ability to bind to a cognate ligand within minutes. The compound in the cell carrier was reduced from 10 μM by multiple 1000-fold serial dilutions to where cell carriers were as low as 1 fM, but the cells within the diluted carriers retained the ability to exhibit enhanced adhesion potential, in spite of the concentrations that would be deemed in effective by Vanderslice et al or PCT/US2012/066987. As such, the current art (1) expands the effective concentration range, (2) provides methods to treat and cell carrier compositions that are essentially compound free (1 fM to less than 100 nM), and (3) redefines the agonist compound as NOT a classical receptor agonist, but as an inactive ingredient that is a preservative that stabilizes the integrin receptor in high affinity state, and increases the adhesive potential of the integrin expressing cell to a integrin ligand expressing cell or surface. For regulatory purposes designating the functions of the components of the carriers, this preservative action of the compound is considered as an inactive ingredient and/or an excipient.

Method to Assess Static Adhesion

The effective concentration of AEC1, a representative agonist compound used in this example, was evaluated by a static adhesion of integrin expressing cells to an immobilized integrin ligand. The 25 amino acid alternatively spliced sequence of fibronectin named connecting segment 1 (CS1) was synthesized and conjugated to BSA. CS1-BSA at 0.3 μg/mL in 50 μL of a representative cell carrier was added to wells of a 96-well plate and allowed to coat overnight at 4° C. The representative cell carrier is isotonic Tris Buffered Saline comprising 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl and 1 mM MgCl₂ and is a model isotonic buffer. Plates were washed with the cell carrier and blocked with 2 wt. % BSA for 1 h. 32×10⁶ of Jurkat cells were labeled for 30 minutes with calcein-AM (Molecular Probes), washed 2 times with the cell carrier, resuspended in 8 mL of the cell carrier, and divided equally between two tubes. One tube of the cell suspension was treated with 40 μL DMSO (control) and the other with 40 μL of 1 mM AEC1 in DMSO. The control containing tube and the AEC1 containing tube were each further divided equally among four eppendorf tubes (Tubes 1-4 for each group) such that each contained 4×10⁶ of the cells in 1 mL of the control or the AEC1 containing cell carrier. Tube 1 from each group was not further processed (“no treatment”). Tubes 2-4 were centrifuged at 100×G for 5 min at RT. The supernatant was carefully removed with a pipet and each cell pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of the cell carrier without the agonist compound. Tube 2 was not further processed (“pellet”). Tubes 3-4 were again centrifuged at 100×G for 5 min. The supernatant was carefully removed with a pipet and each cell pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of the cell carrier without the agonist compound. Tube 3 was not further processed (“1 wash”). Tube 4 was again centrifuged at 100×G for 5 min. The supernatant was carefully removed with a pipet and the cell pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of the cell carrier without the agonist compound. Tube 4 was not further processed (“2 wash”). The final concentrations of AEC1 in the respective cell carriers for no treatment, pellet, 1 wash, and 2 wash were 10 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.00001 μM, and 0.000000001 μM. 50 μL of each cell suspension was added to ligand-coated plates (2×10⁵ cells/well). After 30-minute incubation at 37° C., the plates were washed 3 times with binding cell carrier, the adherent cells were lysed, and fluorescence was measured on a Tecan Safire plate reader. The number of cells bound was determined by standard curves correlating fluorescence to cell number generated with the same mixtures used for the assay.

REFERENCES CITED IN THE INVENTION

The following references were cited in the specification:

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All references cited herein are incorporated by reference. Although the invention has been disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiments, from reading this description those of skill in the art may appreciate changes and modification that may be made which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention as described above and claimed hereafter. 

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: administering to a patient a composition including an integrin agonist or activating compound comprising a compound of the general Formula (I): R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I) wherein a first class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower alkyl, M⁴ is absent or CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O), R²⁴, COOR²⁴, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹ and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when M³ is NR⁶ and M⁴ is absent, then R²³ is not 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, and mixtures thereof, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), where q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO2R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino, alkyl and aryl, R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures thereof; or wherein a second class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO2R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), where q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R¹³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R¹³ and R¹⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, when present, independently either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures thereof; or wherein a third class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹, when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO2R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹³ and R¹⁴, each of which, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M² is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is not 0; or wherein a fourth class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R² is selected from the group consisting of aralkyl and alkyl, provided that when R¹ is alkyl, R² is aralkyl, M¹ is CO or SO₂, provided that when M¹ is SO₂ and R is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, R² is not alkyl, 2-phenethyl, benzyl, or 2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl, and when M¹ is CO and R¹ is 2-furyl, 4-pyridyl, or 3,5-dinitrophenyl, R² is not alkyl, benzyl or 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)ethyl, M² is absent or CH₂, M³ and M⁴ are absent, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, CONR²²R²³, COOR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, hydroxyalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, R²¹, and R²², when present, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl, and R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and s is an integer of 1 to 6, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), q is an integer of 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, and R¹³ when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl, and R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ each of which, when present, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, and R²⁴, when present, independently either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino) and —OCO(dialkylamino), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the integrin agonist or activating compound has anti-tumor activity.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the administering step comprises: a single administration of the composition or a plurality of administration of the composition over time.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the administering step, the integrin agonist or activating compound is present in an amount between about 1 fM and less than about 300 μM.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein, in the administering step the integrin agonist or activating compound is present in an amount between about 100 nM and about 30 μM, between about 1 μm and about 10 μM, between 1 fM and 10 M, between 1 fM and less than 10 M, greater than 1 fM and less than 100 nM, greater than 1 fM and less than 50 nM, or greater than 1 fM and less than 25 nM.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the administering step, the composition further comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier, or a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein, in the administering step the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier comprises an aqueous buffer including MnCl₂ or MgCl₂.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the administering step: the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier include water, ethanol, polyols including propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, or glycerol, or the pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier include vegetable oils, zwitterionic phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, mono-, and/or di- or triglycerides.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the administering step: the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier and the pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier include (a) adjuvants selected from the group consisting of preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents, (b) antibacterial and antifungal agents selected from the group consisting of parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, or sorbic acid, and/or (c) isotonic agents selected from the group consisting of sugars and sodium chloride, and (d) for injectables, delaying absorption agents selected from the group consisting of aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the administering step, R¹M¹, R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of 2-thienylmethyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, and pyridin-3-ylmethyl.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the administering step, the integrin agonist or activating compound comprise: a first class compound selected from the group consisting of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N′-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl) hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3-methoxybenzyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl) heptanediamide; 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)heptanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)octanediamide; (3E)-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)hex-3-enediamide; 2,2′-oxybis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; 3-oxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4,7,10-trioxa-2-azadodecan-12-yl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl) succinamideethane-1,2-diyl bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (4-methoxybenzyl)octanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl) pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,4-dicarboxamide; 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene) bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; 8-{2-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethoxy}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)quinoline-2-carboxamide; N,N′-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; and tert-butyl{(2S)-1,6-bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; a second class compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,5-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; (ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate) or 1,8-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,11-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,14-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; and 1,17-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; a third class compound selected from the group consisting of methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-9-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; ethyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl 3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-{[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-10-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(3-methoxypropyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(isopropylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(methylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2R)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; benzyl {(5S)-6-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-({[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}methyl)-3,11-dioxo-1-phenyl-2-oxa-4,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-acetamidohexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6R,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6R,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](methyl)amino}acetate; methyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; tert-butyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; benzyl {(5S)-6-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexylbis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyldibenzylcarbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-benzyl-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-phenyl-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(4-chlorobenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl(4-bromobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-2-(4-azidoobenzyl)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylphenyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(3-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(3-thienyl)-2-(3-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; benzyl[(5S)-5-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[butyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylbutyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(3S,7S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7-butyl-5,11-dioxo-11-(2-thienylmethyl)-9-oxa-4,6,11-triazapentadecan-1-oate; benzyl [(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl (2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-butyl-6,11-dioxo-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-2,7-dioxa-5,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}carbamoyl)amino]hexyl(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl) carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-bromobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-azidobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]thio}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; and methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-thia-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate. A fourth class compound selected from the group consisting of N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; 2-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) ethanesulfonamide; N-{3-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]propyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; 2-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-2-(2-thienyl)acetamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-2-{[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}ethanesulfonamide; 2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl) propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanamide; 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) acetamide; and 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienyl-methyl) acetamide; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and mixtures thereof.
 11. A method comprising: administering to a patient a composition including one or more integrin agonists or activating compounds comprising one or more compounds of the general Formula (I): R¹-M¹-N(R²)-M²-M³-M⁴-M⁵-M⁶-R³  (I) wherein a first class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl and aralkyl, R² is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is O, S, or NR⁶, R⁶ when present is hydrogen or lower alkyl, M⁴ is absent or CH₂, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, OCOR²⁴, OR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O), R²⁴, COOR²⁴, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl, s is an integer of 1 to 6, R²¹ and R²² when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or lower alkyl, R²³ when present is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alkoxycarbonylalkyl, provided that when M³ is NR⁶ and M⁴ is absent, then R²³ is not 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, R²⁴ when present is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, and mixtures thereof, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), where q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵SO2R¹⁶, OCOR¹⁶, COOR¹⁶, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, guanadino, alkyl and aryl, R¹³ and R¹⁵ when present are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ when present are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁶, R²³ and R²⁴ when present may independently be either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures thereof; or wherein a second class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is CO, M³ is absent or is O or CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is O or (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO2R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, R²¹ and R²² each of which, when present is independently selected from the group of hydrogen and lower alkyl, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, M⁶ is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(q), (CH₂)_(q)—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(r), (CH₂)_(q)-arylene-(CH₂)_(r) and (CH₂CH₂O)_(q), where q and r are independently integers from 0 to 6, R³ is CONR¹³R¹⁴, R¹³ and R¹⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R²³ and R²⁴, when present, independently either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), —OCO(dialkylamino), and mixtures thereof; or wherein a third class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is aryl or aralkyl, R² is alkyl or aralkyl, M¹ is CH₂, M² is SO₂ or CO, M³ is absent or is CH₂, M⁴ is absent or is CH₂, M⁵ is absent or is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹, when present, is hydrogen, R¹², when present, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO2R²⁴ and NR²¹COOR²⁴, R²¹ and R²², each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), or NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is an integer from 0 to 6, R³⁴, when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, COR³⁵, and SO₂R³⁵, R³⁵ when present, is selected form the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, and R³ is selected from the group consisting of CONR¹³R¹⁴, SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, R¹³ and R¹⁴, each of which, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶, each of which when present, is independently selected from the group of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and aralkyl, R¹, R², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, R²⁴, R³⁴ and R³⁵, when present, either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino), and —OCO(dialkylamino), with the proviso that when M² is CO, then M⁶ is NR³⁴(CH₂)_(q), q is not 0; or wherein a fourth class of the compounds of Formula (I) is defined by: R¹ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R² is selected from the group consisting of aralkyl and alkyl, provided that when R¹ is alkyl, R² is aralkyl, M¹ is CO or SO₂, provided that when M¹ is SO₂ and R¹ is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, R² is not alkyl, 2-phenethyl, benzyl, or 2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl, and when M is CO and R¹ is 2-furyl, 4-pyridyl, or 3,5-dinitrophenyl, R² is not alkyl, benzyl or 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)ethyl, M² is absent or CH₂, M³ and M⁴ are absent, M⁵ is (CR¹¹R¹²), R¹¹ is hydrogen, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²¹CONR²²R²³, NR²¹COR²⁴, NR²¹SO₂R²⁴, NR²¹COOR²⁴, CONR²²R²³, COOR²⁴, O(CH₂CH₂O)_(s)R²⁴, hydroxyalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, R²¹, and R²², when present, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl, and R²³ and R²⁴, each of which, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and s is an integer of 1 to 6, M⁶ is (CH₂)_(q), q is an integer of 0 to 6, R³ is selected from the group consisting of NR¹⁵COOR¹⁶, NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, NR¹⁵CONR¹³R¹⁴, and NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, and R¹³ when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl, and R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ each of which, when present, are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and aralkyl, and R¹, R², R³, R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²³, and R²⁴, when present, independently either are unsubstituted or are substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, azido, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, hydroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, halo, haloalkyl, haloaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, —NHCO(alkyl), —NHCO(aryl), —NHCO(aralkyl), —NHCO(haloalkyl), —NHSO₂(alkyl), —NHSO₂(aryl), —NHSO₂(aralkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, —OCO(alkylamino) and —OCO(dialkylamino), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the integrin agonist or activating compound has anti-tumor activity.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the administering step comprises: a single administration of the composition or a plurality of administration of the composition over time.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein, in the administering step, the integrin agonist or activating compound is present in an amount between about 1 fM and less than about 300 μM.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein, in the administering step the integrin agonist or activating compound is present in an amount between about 100 nM and about 30 μM, between about 1 μm and about 10 μM, between 1 fM and 10 M, between 1 fM and less than 10 M, greater than 1 fM and less than 100 nM, greater than 1 fM and less than 50 nM, or greater than 1 fM and less than 25 nM.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein, in the administering step, the composition further comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier, or a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the administering step the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier comprises an aqueous buffer including MnCl₂ or MgCl₂.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the administering step: the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier include water, ethanol, polyols including propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, or glycerol, or the pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier include vegetable oils, zwitterionic phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, mono-, and/or di- or triglycerides.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the administering step: the pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier and the pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous carrier include (a) adjuvants selected from the group consisting of preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents, (b) antibacterial and antifungal agents selected from the group consisting of parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, or sorbic acid, and/or (c) isotonic agents selected from the group consisting of sugars and sodium chloride, and (d) for injectables, delaying absorption agents selected from the group consisting of aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein, in the administering step, R¹M¹, R², R¹³, and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of 2-thienylmethyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl, pyridin-4-ylmethyl, and pyridin-3-ylmethyl.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein, in the administering step, the integrin agonist or activating compound comprise: a first class compound selected from the group consisting of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N′-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-N,N′,N′-tris(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N-bis(3-methoxybenzyl)-N′,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)pentanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl) hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3-methoxybenzyl)hexanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl) heptanediamide; 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl)heptanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)octanediamide; (3E)-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-thienylmethyl)hex-3-enediamide; 2,2′-oxybis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; 3-oxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4,7,10-trioxa-2-azadodecan-12-yl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxybenzyl) succinamideethane-1,2-diylbis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate]; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (4-methoxybenzyl)octanediamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl) pyridine-3,5-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-thienylmethyl)pyridine-2,4-dicarboxamide; 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis[N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide]; 8-{2-[bis (2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethoxy}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)quinoline-2-carboxamide; N,N′-bis(4-methoxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(2-thienylmethyl)hexanediamide; and tert-butyl{(2S)-1,6-bis[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl}carbamate; a second class compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,2-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)ethane; 1,5-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; 1,5-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3-oxapentane; (ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate) or 1,8-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,8-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6-dioxaoctane; 1,11-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,11-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane; 1,14-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,14-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis(bis(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(3-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; 1,17-bis((thiophen-2-ylmethyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; and 1,17-bis((3-methyloxybenzyl)(4-methyloxybenzyl)carbamate)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxatetradecane; a third class compound selected from the group consisting of methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-9-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; ethyl(6S,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-7-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl 3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-methyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl (6S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-{[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-10-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino)hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(benzylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(3-methoxypropyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butylcarbamoyl)amino]hexyl bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(isopropylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(methylcarbamoyl)amino]hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2R)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; benzyl {(5S)-6-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-({[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}methyl)-3,11-dioxo-1-phenyl-2-oxa-4,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-acetamidohexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(6R,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6R,10R)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](methyl)amino}acetate; methyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; tert-butyl {[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}acetate; benzyl {(5S)-6-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl}carbamate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-({[(1S)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hydroxypropyl]carbamoyl}amino) hexyl bis(4-methoxybenzyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl dibenzylcarbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-benzyl-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-phenyl-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(4-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-methylbenzyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(4-chlorobenzyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl(6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8-dioxo-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl(4-bromobenzyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(4-bromobenzyl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; methyl(6S,10S)-2-(4-azidoobenzyl)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylphenyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-1-(2-thienyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; tert-butyl [(2S)-1-{[bis(3-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(3-thienyl)-2-(3-thienylmethyl)-4-oxa-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; benzyl [(5S)-5-[(tertbutoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[butyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexylbutyl(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl (3S,7S)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7-butyl-5,11-dioxo-11-(2-thienylmethyl)-9-oxa-4,6,11-triazapentadecan-1-oate; benzyl [(5S)-5-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]oxy}hexyl]carbamate; (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]hexyl (2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; methyl(9S,13S)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-9-butyl-6,11-dioxo-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-2,7-dioxa-5,10,12-triazapentadecan-15-oate; (2S)-2-[({3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzyl}carbamoyl)amino]hexyl(2-methoxyethyl)(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-bromobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; (2S)-2-{[(4-azidobenzyl)carbamoyl]amino}hexylbis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamate; tert-butyl[(2S)-1-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]thio}hexan-2-yl]carbamate; and methyl (6S,10S)-10-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-butyl-3,8-dioxo-1-(2-thienyl)-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-thia-2,7,9-triazadodecan-12-oate; a fourth class compound selected from the group consisting of N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; 2-{butyl[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl](butyl)amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) ethanesulfonamide; N-{3-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]propyl}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide; 2-[(methylsulfonyl)(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; 2-{[bis(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-sulfonamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}-2-(2-thienyl)acetamide; N-{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}thiophene-2-carboxamide; N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-2-{[(2-thienylmethyl)carbamoyl]amino}ethanesulfonamide; 2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 2-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}(butyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)acetamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(4-methoxybenzyl) propanamide; 3-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl)propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) propanamide; 3-[{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}(methyl)amino]-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) propanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; (2S)-2-({2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) hexanamide; 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(2-thienylmethyl)sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienylmethyl) acetamide; and 2-(acetyl{2-[bis(4-methoxybenzyl) sulfamoyl]ethyl}amino)-N,N-bis(2-thienyl-methyl) acetamide; pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and mixtures thereof. 